10 Special Constructions

天邪弱 Lucifer Caelius DelicatusMay 3, 2024About 29 min

10.0 Special Constructions

This chapter provides details on certain specialized grammatical constructions by which the languages convey certain kinds of information. Most of these specialized constructions constitute alternative or “short-cut” means of expressing more long-winded “standard” constructions, although some represent standard expressions in and of themselves.

10.1 Concatenation and Format

Many languages, including English, are able to combine two separate meanings into a single verb, a process termed conflation. This is illustrated in the following English sentences:

He bicycled south = He traveled south by bicycle.
She dolled herself up = She made herself look as pretty as a doll.
They’re shelving the books = They’re putting the books on the shelf/shelves.
Slide me a beer = Give me a beer by sliding it (e.g., along the bar)

The above sentences show four verbs which respectively carry inherent senses of vector movement, transformation, positioning/placement, and giving. The patterning of such “conflated” verbs is usually random and haphazard in any given language. For example, the English to bicycle in sentence (1) means ‘to travel by means of bicycle,’ not ‘to make a bicycle’ or ‘to be a bicycle.’ On the other hand, the verb to doll up does not mean to ‘travel by doll,’ but rather ‘to make appear like a doll.’ Yet, to shelve means ‘to place on a shelf,’ not ‘to travel by means of shelves’ or ‘to make appear like a shelf.’ And none of the verbs in the first three sentences connotes the idea of giving or conveyance as does slide in sentence (4).

As can be seen, verb conflation is essentially a “short-cut” way of combining an unspoken primary verbal sense (such as movement, transformation, placement, giving, etc.) with an overtly expressed verb that conveys a secondary sense such as means, manner, or location. This can be formally notated for our four sentences above as follows:

He [1: (TRAVEL+past tense) south] [2: (BY-MEANS-OF) bicycle]
= He bicycled south.
She [1: (CAUSE-TO-RESEMBLE+past tense+reflexive)] [2: (IN-THE-MANNER-OF) doll]
= She dolled herself up.
They [1: (PUT+progressive) the books] [2: (TO-LOCATION-OF) shelves]
= They’re shelving the books.
[1: (GIVE+imperative)] a beer [2: (BY-MEANS-OF) sliding] to me
= Slide me a beer.

Note that the particular unspoken covert and overt senses (shown by the numerals 1 and 2 in the above analyses) are specific to any given verb and must be subjectively learned by the listener, i.e., a speaker of English must learn that to hand means to GIVE by MEANS of one’s hand, but to shoulder does not mean to GIVE by MEANS of one’s shoulder.

Thus, while conflation of verbs presents a potential opportunity for instantiating verbs with patterns of overt and covert meaning, the lack of systemization prevents one from knowing with certainty what pattern to use when attempting to interpret the usage of a verb form.

New Ithkuil systemizes verb conflation into a productive scheme, in which any formative can be concatenated directly with another formative (termed the parent formative). The operational sense of the concatenated formative and its semantic relation to the parent formative is conveyed by its case-affix in Slot IX. The concatenated formative is placed immediately preceding the parent formative, and is structured as a regular formative, able to take any and all morphology as appropriate and semantically permissible for the concatenated pair as a whole. The concatenated formative also shows one of the following eight Cc values in Slot I to indicate that it and the following formative constitute a concatenated pair. The meaning of the different Cc values is explained below the table.

	Slot IX = `Vf`	+ w-form of `Ca` shortcut*	+ y-form of `Ca` shortcut*
Type-1 Concatenation	h	hl	hm
Type-2 Concatenation	hw	hr	hn

* See Sec. 3.10 for an explanation of the w- and y- Ca shortcuts

Format

Note that for a concatenated formative, the Slot IX case affix is labeled Vf rather than Vc to stand for the term Format. Although Vf affixes are the same as Vc case affixes and represent the same 68 noun cases from Chapter 4 above, the term Format rather than Case is used to differentiate the fact that the case relationship is performing a different function. Specifically, the Format specifies the semantic relationship the concatenated formative has with the immediately-following parent formative, as opposed to signifying any case relationship it has to the rest of the sentence (which is the purpose of the Slot IX Vc / Vk affix in the parent formative).

Alternate `Vf` Indicator

Concatenated formatives do not use a glottal-stop in the Slot IX Vf form for Cases 37 through 68 (i.e., the Relational, Affinitive, Spatio-Temporal I, or Spatio-Temporal II cases). Instead, the concatenated formative takes ultimate syllabic stress to indicate that the Slot IX Vf Format vowel is actually a Format 37-through-68 form but without the glottal stop. Also, both Case No. 1 THM and Case No. 37 PRN can elide their -a- phonological marker; the latter only as long as the resulting word bears ultimate syllabic stress and is not mono-syllabic. Before eliding the -a-, External Juncture requirements as per Sec. 11.8 must be taken into account. A monosyllabic concatenated formative is to be interpreted as an unframed nominal formative bearing case (whereas a monosyllabic parent or standalone formative is interpreted as a verbal formative).

10.1.1 Concatenation Type

As seen in the above table, there are two types of concatenation. Type-1 concatenation implies a circumstantial relationship between the concatenated formative and the parent (equivalent to placing the concatenated formative into a case-frame). Type-2 concatenation is derivational (i.e., lexicalizing), creating a new lexico-semantic gestalt usually requiring a different English translation. This is analogous to English forms like polar bear naming a new animal rather than stating a location. Likewise, English elephant seal establishes a new lexico-semantic gestalt rather than describing some sort of metaphorical relationship between elephants and seals.

10.1.2 `Ca` Shortcut Indicator for Concatenated Formative

Columns 2 and 3 of the above table are used if the Slot IV Vr value is default -a- STA/BSC/ESS and the Slot VI Ca affix is one of eight specific Ca values shown for Slot II as previously described in Sec. 3.10.

10.1.3 Concatenation Chain

More than two formatives may be concatenated to form the equivalent of phrasal concatenation or a concatenation chain. The initial concatenated formative of the chain indicates the Concatenation Type (1 or 2) for the entire chain; all subsequent concatenated formatives of the chain take one of the Type-1 Cc values from the table above. The final parent formative of the chain has either empty Slot I or takes w- or y- in Slot I if a Ca shortcut is present (see Sec. 3.10)

Revisor’s Comment About Scoping in Concatenation Chain

When each concatenated formative marked with default Case-Scope, They modify the parent formative, as like the parent formative were a main verb and they were the arguments thereof.

10.1.4 Romanized Orthography for Concatenated Formatives

In addition to the presence of a Cc affix in Slot I of a concatenated formative, the two (or more) formatives are joined by a hyphen in the language’s romanization scheme as a simple mnemonic indicator that they are a concatenated pair or concatenated chain.

10.1.5 Examples of Concatenated Formatives in Use

Hlellwoehú-alxwädé: [default Ca]/CONCATENATED-Stem.2/PRC:“be.bright”-SPL-RLT-PARENT:“state.of.star.shining”-CTE-PRX-PUP

hla: CARRIER

Siryus: “Sirius”

afthiliʼa: “sky”-OBJ-[default Ca]-LOC

elnedaʼo.: Stem.2/PRC-“nighttime”-CSV-PRX-CNR

Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky.

Hlaçköé-yeřdöʼe: [default Ca]-CONCATENATED:PRC-“illness”-PCR-PARENT:PRX-Stem.2/PRC-“recuperate”-PCR

arţtudeuyá: “study”-DYN-PRX-RGR-OBS

kšilu: “clown”-OBJ-[default Ca]-IND

ažtwaʼra.: “poison”-G-PRN

After recovering from an illness, the clown got back to studying poisons.

Ätruleowá: CPT-“translative.motion”-DYN-[default Ca]-CUL-OBS

dře: 2p+1m/DET-ABS

Hakšivé-Warswiʼa.: CONCATENATED:“clown”-OBJ-N-COR-PARENT:[default Ca]-PRC-“planet”-LOC

We eventually wound up on the Clown Planet.

Hlešvie-galoktähá: CONCATENATED/[default Ca]:Stem.2/PRC-“self-involved.leisure.activity”-PUR+PARENT:“ambulation”-[default Ca]-TPP₁/7-PRL-FAC-OBS

praʼi.: ma/BEN+1m/BEN-ACT

She and I are (planning on) taking a walk later on.

10.2 The Carrier Root

Proper nouns such as personal and place names, as well as words from other languages are morpho-phonologically incompatible with New Ithkuil’s slot-based agglutinative morphology, as such names and foreign words might easily be mistaken for homophonous or nearly-homophonous New Ithkuil words, giving rise to semantic nonsense. Nevertheless, such words can be morphologically manipulated like any other Ithkuil formative by means of the “carrier” root -S-. By placing proper nouns and foreign words/phrases immediately following one of the three stems of the carrier root, a listener/reader is signaled by the morphology that the word is not to be interpreted as a New Ithkuil formative, adjunct, or referential.

Stem 1

BSC: [carrier stem representing an animate being named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

CTE: [carrier stem representing the identity of the animate being named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

CSV: [carrier stem representing the physical presence/body of the animate being named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

OBJ: that which is impacted/targeted or a patient of the animate being named named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase

Stem 2

BSC: [stem representing inanimate object or abstract entity named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

CTE: [stem representing the identity of the inanimate object or abstract entity named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

CSV: [stem representing the physical presence or body of the inanimate entity or tangible manifestation/effect of the abstract entity named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

OBJ: that which is impacted/targeted or a patient of the inanimate or abstract entity named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase

Stem 3

BSC: [stem representing geographical or geo-demographic place/location named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

CTE: [stem representing the identity of the geographical or geo-demographic place/location named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

CSV: [stem representing the physical/tangible praxes and/or tangible infrastructure of the geographical or geo-demographic place/location named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase]

OBJ: that which is impacted/targeted or a patient of the geographical or geo-demographic place/location named by the succeeding foreign or proper name/phrase

The carrier stem is placed immediately before the proper noun or foreign word or phrase, then declined or conjugated normally for any desired morphological categories, even verbal categories. The proper noun or foreign word or phrase itself is left unchanged. The non-Ithkuil word or phrase is pronounced with either high or rising tone on its last syllable, in order to clue the listener that the following syllable/word returns to being Ithkuil. Alternately, the end of the word or phrase can be signaled by the use of the END register adjunct (explained in Sec. 8.3)

The carrier root in front of the names of persons also serves to function as a title of address corresponding to English Mister, Ms. or Miss.. There is no distinction of gender or marital status conveyed by the term.

If the proper noun or foreign word/phrase is already known to the listener/addressee, instead of utilizing a carrier stem, the speaker can instead employ the carrier adjunct (see Sec. 8.4.1)

10.3 Specialized `Cs`-Roots in Lieu of Affix-Scoping Adjuncts

In the absence of a convenient semantic root, or as an alternative to using Affixual Adjuncts (see Sec. 8.1), a special formative structure, the Specialized Cs-Root, exists to raise a VxCs affix to the level of a root. This formative structure operates like a standard formative except that Slots II and IV take specialized Vv and Vr forms and the Slot III Cr form is replaced by the Cs-form of a VxCs affix. The specifics are as follows:

Slot II `Vv` Indicating a Specialized `Cs`-Root (i.e., that Slots III + IV constitute a `CsVx` affix)
`Vv`	Function
Version	STA	DYN
PRC	ëi	eë
CPT	ëu	oë

These four specialized Vv values signal that the following consonantal form in Slot III is not a Cr form from the Lexicon, but rather the Cs-form of a VxCs affix. This functions to convert the meaning of the VxCs affix to the status of a lexical root. Due to this conversion into a root, no Type-1 vs. Type-2 affixual distinction is made.

Note that such specialized Cs -roots do not take Slot I Cc values indicating Slot IV/VI a+ Ca shortcuts but can take the four Slot I Cc values that indicate concat-enation only (see Sec. 10.1 on Concatenation): h-, hw-, plus these two forms with ultimate stress.

The Affix-Degree and Specification of the Specialized Cs-root is shown by the Vr value in Slot IV:

Slot IV `Vr` Values for the Specialized `Cs`-Root
Affix Degree	Context
Affix Degree	EXS	FNC	RPS	AMG
1	a	ai	ia / uä	ao
2	ä	au	ie / uë	aö
3	e	ei	io / üä	eo
4	i	eu	iö / üë	eö
5	ëi	ëu	eë	oë
6	ö	ou	uö / öë	öe
7	o	oi	uo / öä	oe
8	ü	iu	ue / ië	öa
9	u	ui	ua / iä	oa
0	ae	ea	üo	üö

Note that, unlike Slot IV of standard formatives, all nine tiers of the Standard Vowel Sequence are utilized in these Specialized Cs -roots. As the category of Specification does not apply to VxCs affixes, these Specialized Cs -roots are considered to have BSC Specification only.

Examples:

Oërmöliohá: Cs-ROOT:ITN₁/6-OBS

zvalauswu.: “dog”-[default Ca]-ca:PRP-IND

The dog’s owner has returned.

Iuprulövḑuadnó: Stem.3/CPT/NEG₁/4-“descend”-DYN-ASC₁/6-OGC₃/9-CVN

walxu: [default Ca]-PRC-“Sol”-IND

ëivḑilamkiʼa: Cs-ROOT:ASC₁/4-FGN₂/1-LOC

lei.: 1m-GEN

They say down south the sun won’t set on my home town.

10.4 Specialized Referential Roots

Another type of special formative structure is the Specialized Referential Root. This structure operates like a standard formative except that Slot II takes specialized Vv values which indicate that the immediately following Slot III Cr form has been replaced by a Single-Referent Referential affix (see Sec. 9.1), including combination Referential “clusters” such as -sml- ‘you(sg.), s/he/they(sg.) and I’. The specifics are as follows:

Slot II `Vv` Values Indicating a Specialized Referential Root (i.e., Slot III constitutes a Referential Affix)
Version	`Vv`
PRC	ae
CPT	ea

Slot IV values for these Specialized Referential roots are the same as for standard formatives, showing Function, Specification, and Context for the Referential.

Referential clusters requiring an epenthetic -ë- vowel cannot be used in these Specialized Referential roots.

NOTE: Specialized Referential roots can take Slot I Cc values indicating Slot IV/VI a + Ca shortcuts; however, because -ae- and -ea- are the only the two values allowed in Slot II, the only a + Ca shortcuts available are Ca = [default] and Ca = PRX.

Also: because the Referential affixes themselves refer to Referentials irrespective of number, the meaning of each stem of the Specialized Referential Root changes depending on its Perspective, as previously discussed in Sec. 4.6. Therefore, one should not attach the usual NOMIC affix -ç- / -x- or the ABSTRACT affix -w / -y to the Referential affix itself (as when using a Referential); instead, show NOMIC or ABSTRACT Referential forms using the appropriate Ca Perspective value in Slot VI of the formative.

Specifications and Verbal Meaning: Because they are full roots, these Specialized Referential root require that a meaning be assigned to the four Specifications, as well as meanings assigned to verbal forms. These are illustrated below for the 1m MONADIC speaker category:

Nominal meaning

BASIC: “I (myself)”

CONTENTIAL: “I (myself)” (as being my personality, mind, psyche, sentient thoughts, psychological sense of individuality, or “essence”; irrespective of my physical body)

CONSTITUTIVE: “I (myself)” (as my physical body/embodiment/person, irrespective of personality, mind, psyche, sentient thoughts, psychological sense of individuality, or “essence”)

OBJECTIVE: “entity with/on which I act or with which I associate (i.e., place, thing, person, etc. with/in/on which/whom I [inter-]acts)”; “something/someone from/in my life/niche/environment”

Verbal meaning

BASIC: “to be me/to be myself”, “to do/act what/how I do [because it’s me]”

CONTENTIAL: [same as above applied to CONTENTIAL meaning at left]

CONSTITUTIVE: [same as above applied to CONSTITUTIVE meaning at left]

OBJECTIVE: “to be an entity in my life/niche/environment; to be something/someone that/who is in my life/niche/environment”

Revisor’s Comment

Personal-Reference is obsolete term of Referential.

Specialized Referential roots have only one stem.

10.5 Use of Type-3 `VxCs` Affix Format and Standard Vowel-Sequence Column 4 Vowels as Shortcut for Referentials

If either of a formative’s VxCs affix slots, Slots V or VII, are empty, then that empty slot may be used to show a specialized short-cut “Referential affix.” The affix consists of a Cs consonant that is any one of the 30 Referential consonant-forms from the table in Sec. 9.1, combined with is a standard Type-3 Vx vowel-form corresponding to the nine Vx affix-degrees shown below. It is the appearance of a lone Type-3 VxCs affix without any adjacent Type-1 or Type-2 affix for it to apply to, that triggers its interpretation as this specialized Referential affix.

Additionally, Column 4 vowel-forms from the Standard Vowel-Sequence may be employed as shortcuts for the Transrelative cases regardless of other VxCs affixes being present in the same Slot.

Slot V or VII Vx Values Indicating a Referential Shortcut

can only be used if no other VxCs affix is in the same Slot

POSSESSIVE POS: ia / uä

PROPRIETIVE PRP: ie / uë

GENITIVE GEN: io / üä

ATTRIBUTIVE ATT: iö / üë

PRODUCTIVE PDC: eë

INTERPRETATIVE ITP: uö / öë

ORIGINATIVE OGN: uo / öä

INTERDEPENDENT IDP: ue / ië

PARTITIVE PAR: ua / iä

can be used regardless of other VxCs affixes present

THEMATIC THM: ao

INSTRUMENTAL INS: aö

ABSOLUTIVE ABS: eo

AFFECTIVE AFF: eö

STIMULATIVE STM: oë

EFFECTUATIVE EFF: öe

ERGATIVE ERG: oe

DATIVE DAT: öa

INDUCIVE IND: oa

10.6 Equivalents to English WH-Questions

There are various equivalent constructions available to form the equivalent of an English WH-question. One method is to not ask a question at all, but rather to use a verb such as ‘state’ or ‘say/tell’ in DIRECTIVE Illocution to express a command that the addressee provide the information being sought, i.e, Tell me your name as opposed to What is your name?. Another equivalent to WH-questions is to use the PVS Referential in conjunction with the IVL₁/4 affix -inļ indicating INTERROGATIVE Illocution so that the PVS Referential functions much like an English interrogative pronoun. Examples:

Mmiexinļ: PVS-PUR-(IRG)

Why?
[i.e., For what purpose?]

Mmaʼoxinļ: PVS-CNR-(IRG)

When?

Nnioxinļ: PVS.BEN-TRA-(IRG)

To/for whose benefit? / To the benefit of what?

Ňňeöxinļ: PVS.DET-RSL-(IRG)

Resulting (detrimentally) in what? / With what undesirable result?

Mmauxinļ: PVS-PRP-(IRG)

Whose? / Belonging to what?

Finally, one can form the equivalent of WH-questions using INTERROGATIVE Illocution in conjunction with a formative affixed with Degrees 1, 2, 3, 8 or 9 of the PTN affix shown below. When used this way, the formative carrying the PTN affix must be marked as the semantic focus of the sentence (i.e., it must either immediately precede the verb in terms of word-order or it must carry the TPF/9 affix).

-sv | PTN |

whatever X is / whatever X may be
whatever X was or may have been (but is no more)
whatever X will be or may become (but is not yet)
...or something like/similar to X in function, purpose, or consequence
...or something like/similar to X in appearance/description
and whatever else X may be(come)
and whatever else X entails or carries with it as a consequence
which(ever) X (it is or may be) [i.e., of a known/limited number of possible identifications available to assign to X, the one identification that actually is (chosen as) X]
what(ever) X (it is or may be) [i.e., of an unknown number of possible identifications one might/could assign to X, the one identification that actually is (chosen as) X]

Examples:

Weilüsve: S2.G-“human child”-PTN/8₁-ABS

erčuléi: S2-“corruption/subversion/undermining”-DYN-IRG

kšilo?: S1-“performing as a clown”-OBJ-ERG

Which of the children did the clown corrupt?

Laluţkusvu: S1-“adult human”-MAK/9₁-PTN/9₁-IND

utxoléi: S3-“drinking liquid”-DYN.CSV-IRG

akftyäloë?: S1-“ammonia”-CTE-CSM

What kind of person drinks ammonia?

10.7 Using Case on UNFRAMED Verbal Formatives

Using the case-stacking affix (see Sec. 7.6), a noun-case can be placed on an UNFRAMED verbal formative to give a meaning of “to be (something that is) X” where X is the formative modified by the case’s function. Such constructions can often substitute for case-frames. Examples:

DEPENDENT case:

Abẓe: MCS/1₁-{VIIDom}

willyothoilyá: S2.CPT-“singing a song”-QUA/7₁-(case:DEP)-OBS

utplaliör.: S3-“self-confidence/self-esteem”-(1m.BEN-ATT)

My self-esteem is dependent upon (my) singing this song well.

POSTCURSIVE case:

A: RTR

hrelu-azčojhaillöelyá: T2-S2-“human child”-IND—S1-“self-centered”-DYN.CSV-CRL/1₂-{Ca}-(case:PCR)-OBS

It was after the child pulled a tantrum.

TRANSFORMATIVE case:

Kšölaölwáu: S1-“performing as a clown”-DYN.OBJ-(case:TFM)-DEC

wele: S2-“human child”-ABS

The child is hereby transformed into a clown! (more literally: It is transformation into a clown that is declared to happen to the child!)

10.8 Equivalent to English “Strings” of Adverbial Locative Particles

English has the seemingly unique ability to create succinct “moving images” of complex trajectories, paths, treks, and in-situ movements by simple juxtaposition of locative/directional particles (i.e., prepositions acting mostly as adverbial particles). For example, imagine the manager of a basement nightclub talking to a friend on the sidewalk outside his club. He invites the friend to the balcony outside the back of the club, which one gets to by descending into the club, going past the dance floor, up a flight of stairs, then along a hallway to the back door. He does so by saying the following sentence to his friend, containing a string of nine prepositions (the first eight of which are functioning as adverbial particles):

Come on down inside, up along through out back to the balcony.

New Ithkuil allows a speaker to create similar succinct “moving images”. Each motion root (whether referring to in-situ or translative motion) has a corresponding VxCs affix of the same form (e.g., for the root -KR- ‘OBLIQUE LINEAR MOTION’, there is a corresponding affix -kr). Each of these affixes has the following nine degrees:

Degree Of Motion Affix

Motion through X. Specifically, interior perlative motion/movement in a manner described by the affix’s corresponding root among/within an external/surrounding/underlying (quasi-)static medium. For translative motion affixes, implies motion along a course described by the affix’s corresponding root where the course is set, determined, or prescribed by an externally surrounding/underlying medium/channel, etc.
Motion like X, inside something. Specifically, interior motion/movement: in-situ or translative movement/motion in a manner described by the affix’s corresponding root while inside another entity (where, unlike Degree 1, the exterior object/entity does not define/prescribe/determine the course of the moving object/entity.)
Motion into X. Implies entry from an exterior space/medium/context into an interior space/medium/context
Motion like X; for translative motion affixes, motion along X. Implies continued/continuous movement in a manner described by the affix’s corresponding root; for translative motion affixes, implies continued/continuous motion along a course/direction described by the affix’s corresponding root
Motion like X from one point (across) to another. Implies a single motion in a manner described by the affix’s corresponding root from one point/side of the contextual space to another; for translative motion affixes, implies a single motion along a course/direction described by the affix’s corresponding root across a gap/gulf/space from one place to another.
Translative Motion = move onward; Positional: X/Y/Z position of X. For translative motion affixes, signifies motivational “on” as in “come on”, “go on”, “move on” - implies/reinforces need/impetus to begin/keep moving in the manner or direction described by the affix’s corresponding root without stopping. For static positional affixes, operates merely as a locative to specify an entity’s X/Y/Z position.
Motion out of X. Implies exit from an interior space/medium/context out to an exterior space/medium/context
Motion like X, on the outside of something. Exterior motion/movement: in-situ or translative movement/motion in a manner described by the affix’s corresponding root while outside another object/entity (where, unlike Degree 9, the other object/entity does not define/prescribe/determine the course of the moving object/entity)
Motion alongside X. Specifically, exterior perlative motion/movement outside of, over, next to, alongside, “above”/“under” an adjacent (quasi-)static surface/medium; for translative motion affixes, implies motion on a course described by the affix’s corresponding root along, over, parallel to, around, “above”/“under”, or tracking/following an adjacent (quasi-)static surface/medium

For Degree 6, the various Modulative affixes as well as Phase can be used to describe repeated, ongoing movement/motion, e.g., back-and-forth, to-and-fro, side-to-side, up-and-down, in-and-out, out-and-back, etc.

Besides movement/motion Roots, roots denoting any spatial referent/area also have corresponding affix-forms utilizing this pattern, e.g., front side, rear area, top area/space, area below/underneath, etc.

Translative Motion Roots

Roots involving translative motion are modeled after the following basic root:

| affix: M01

Stem 1

BSC: act of translative motion from one spacetime location to another; to move from one place to another [both the motion and the entity moving]

CTE: The process of movement itself from one place to another; to be moving from one place to another [focus on the movement, not the entity moving]

CSV: The path/trajectory/course/route followed between two places; to move along/through the path/trajectory/course/route from one place to another

OBJ: The entity moving from one place to another; to be the entity moving from one place to another

Stem 2

As per Stem 1 w/ perspective is on motion to(ward) the topical referent of the sentence or clause, i.e., “come; approach”; CPT = “arrive”

Stem 3

As per Stem 1 w/ perspective is on motion away from the topical referent of the sentence or clause, i.e., “go; go away; move away”; CPT = “leave; depart”

Roots (and affixes) following the same model as -TR- above include the following:

-R series

Stem 1: i.e., movement up/down

Stem 2: ascent/ascend; going (straight) up; rise/raise/elevate

Stem 3: descent/descend; going (straight) down; “drop”; lower(ing)

Stem 1: i.e., ascending/descending at an angle/slant

Stem 2: oblique ascent, upward incline, uphill

Stem 3: oblique descent, downward incline, downhill

Stem 1: i.e., movement along a line/path on a horizontal plane between the topical referent and a second location

Stem 2: approach, getting nearer

Stem 3: recede/receding, getting farther away

Stem 1: i.e., movement along same path/trajectory as the topical referent

Stem 2: parallel movement in same direction alongside topical referent

Stem 3: parallel movement alongside but in opposite direction to topical referent

Stem 1: i.e., movement along a line/path “across” one’s forward path or field of vision, moving laterally (i.e., horizontally perpendicular) to the positional/orientational position or path of the topical referent (i.e., analogous to watching something moving in a line across a screen held in front of one’s eyes)

Stem 2: movement from left-to-right relative to the topical referent

Stem 3: movement from right-to-left relative to the topical referent.

Stem 1: i.e., moving laterally at an oblique angle on same horizontal plane as the topical referent

Stem 2: lateral movement at an oblique angle approaching (i.e., getting nearer to) the topical referent

Stem 3: lateral movement at an oblique angle moving away from (getting farther away from) the topical referent.

-L series

Meaning: i.e., random directed movement within/throughout a 2-dimensional horizontal plane.

Meaning: i.e., random directed movement within/throughout a 2-dimensional vertical plane.

Meaning: i.e., random directed movement within/throughout a 2-dimensional vertical plane perpendicular to the perspective of the topical referent (i.e., lying “across” one’s visual field or directional path, analogous to a painting or flat screen held up in front of a person).

Stem 2: counter-clockwise motion, relative to the speaker/observer

Stem 3: clockwise motion, relative to the speaker/observer

Meaning: i.e., 3-D pervasive movement throughout or within a volume of space

Note

When using the affix-form of the above fourteen roots, to specify the Stem 2 meaning of the respective root, add -w to the affix form, e.g., -tr becomes -trw, -kl becomes -klw. To specify the Stem 3 meaning of the respective root, add -y to the affix form, e.g., -tr becomes -try, -kl becomes -kly.

Spatial Position/Location Roots

-Ţ- | affix: P01

Stem 1

BSC: spatial position of an entity; to be situated/located at

CTE: The act of physically occupying a/the position/location in space; to physically occupy a/the position in space

CSV: A/the position/location in space occupied by an entity; to be a/the position/location in space

OBJ: The entity situated/located at; to be that which is situated/located at

Stem 2

Direction relative to the observer (i.e., linear directional path between an object and the observer)

Stem 3

the opposing direction or direction from which something emerges/originates/appears, etc.

Stem 0

Area, general vicinity of a particular position/location relative to the observer, whether 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional according to the situational context

Roots following the same model as -Ţ- above include the following based on a 3-dimensional X/Y/Z axial grid:

Simple position

Meaning: i.e., “right here”; at the center point of the observer’s 3-dimensional spatial frame of reference.

Meaning: “above the observer”

Meaning: “below the observer”

Meaning: “in front of the observer”

Meaning: “behind the observer”

Meaning: “to the right of the observer”

Meaning: “to the left of the observer”

Double position combination

For mnemonic convenience, combinations of the above positional concepts are designated by corresponding combinations of the phonemes of the above X/Y/Z roots (-ŢY- and -ŢW- are shortened to -Y and -W):

Meaning: “in front of and above the observer”

Meaning: “in front of and below the observer”

Meaning: “behind and above the observer”

Meaning: “behind and below the observer”

Meaning: “to the right and in front of the observer”

Meaning: “to the right and behind the observer”

Meaning: “to the right and above the observer”

Meaning: “to the right and below the observer”

Meaning: “to the left and in front of the observer”

Meaning: “to the left and behind the observer”

Meaning: “to the left and above the observer”

Meaning: “to the left and below the observer”

Triple position combination

Meaning: “to the right, in front, and above the observer”

Meaning: “to the right, in front, and below the observer”

Meaning: “to the right, behind, and above the observer”

Meaning: “to the right, behind, and below the observer”

Meaning: “to the left, in front, and above the observer”

Meaning: “to the left, in front, and below the observer”

Meaning: “to the left, behind, and above the observer”

Meaning: “to the left, behind, and below the observer”

BETWEEN/AMIDST/AMONG

Meaning: e.g., among others in a crowded room

Meaning: e.g., between two others in a queue

Meaning: e.g., among a sky full of balloonists

Meaning: e.g., the red marbles amidst a tabletop covered with different colored marbles

Meaning: e.g., the red marbles within a jar full of different colored marbles

Meaning: e.g., yellow paint spread onto a blue canvas to make a green area

Meaning: e.g., sugar granules poured into a cup of coffee

Positionally-Defined Componential Parts of a Whole

As seen above, Stem 3 of -F- type spatial position roots convey the meaning of “the area/vicinity around X”, so that the Stem 3 root of -K- above would mean “the area behind or in back (of)”. Nevertheless, separate roots exist to describe positionally-defined componential parts of an entity, to distinguish “the area behind or in back of” from “the rear/back part/side of” where the latter refers to a part of the entity itself. This allows one to distinguish phrases such as “behind the box” from “the back/rear side of the box.”

| affix: S08

Stem 1

BSC: positionally-defined part/section of an entity (e.g., side, front, top, bottom, rear, etc.); to be a positionally-defined part/section of an entity

CTE: The state/act of physically being/doing what a positionally-defined part/section of an entity is/does; to physically be/do what a positionally-defined part/section of an entity is/does

CSV: A/the (relative) spatial position/location which defines/delineates a part/section of an entity; to be a/the spatial position/location which defines/delineates a part/section of an entity

OBJ: The entity of which the componential part/section is a part; to be the entity of which the componential part/section is a part

Stem 2

Inalienable, inherent, inseparable, “built-in” component part/section in relation to the whole

Stem 3

Alienable, separable, detachable component part/section in relation to the whole

Roots (and affixes) following the same model as -ŢF- above are as follows:

Meaning: i.e., the zero-dimensional point most equidistant from all points on the periphery or surface of an entity

The following roots are also modeled on the same root -TR-, even though they do not specify a particular spatial position relative to the whole:

Meaning: i.e., handle, hook, latch, velcro patch, knob, peg, etc.

Examples:

Etrulökryekrwitrokfái: Stem.2-PRC-“translative.motion”-DYN-[default Ca]-M03y₁/6-M03w₁/3-M01₁/4-S17₁/7-DIR

wakçmiʼo.: [default Ca]-PRC-“outdoor.balcony”-ALL

Come on down inside, up along through out back to the balcony.

Hlurmiô-igulotruxröxḑuökfái.: [default Ca]/CONCATENATED:Stem.3-PRC-“house”-ABL-PARENT:Stem.2-CPT-“ambulate”-DYN-[default Ca]-M01₁/7-S24₁/9-S25₁/6-S17₃/6-DIR

Go run outside along the wall until you reach the back outside corner of the house.