07 词缀
7.0 词缀
到目前为止,构形词的形态语音列位每个都包含一个强制表达的词缀尽管在某些情况下,有些词缀可以省略。然而,列位 V 及 VII 是不同的,因为它们包含可选的词缀,这些词缀可以粘着在一起即多个词缀连续地成串
- 术语
- (
Cc
- 范畴
- 联态指示语素
- 形式
- 辅音形式,包括声门塞音或以 -h- 起首的形式
- 术语
Vv
)
- 范畴
- 版本 + 词干
- 形式
- 元音词缀
- 术语
Cr
- 范畴
- 主词根
- 形式
- 辅音形式
- 术语
Vr
- 范畴
- 功能 + 详述 + 语境
- 形式
- 元音词缀
- 术语
- (
CsVx
... )
- 范畴
VxCs
词缀(丛)应用于词干但不于Ca
;为标准列位 VIIVxCs
形式的倒装
- 形式
- 辅音 + 元音
- 术语
Ca
- 范畴
- 构型 + 限域 + 系属 + 视界 + 本质
- 形式
- 若已填列位 V 则
Ca
需延长
- 术语
- (
VxCs
... )
- 范畴
VxCs
词缀(丛)应用于词干 +Ca
- 形式
- 元音 + 辅音
- 术语
- (
VnCn
)
- 范畴
- 配价 或 时体 或 相位 或 级别 或 效果
五者择一 + 语式/格辖
- 形式
- 模列位包含元音形式 + 辅音形式
- 术语
Vc
/Vf
/Vk
- 范畴
- 格 或 格式 或 语为 + 言据
由列位 X 的音节重读所决定
- 形式
- 元音形式
- 术语
[重读]
- 范畴
- 次音节重读 = 无框关系 +
Vc
尾音节重读 = 无框关系 +Vk
前音节重读 = 有框关系 +Vc
- 形式
- 超音段形式
列位 V 和列位 VII 词缀的语音格式由元音性增长 Vx
加上辅音性增长 Cs
组成,形成 VxCs
格式。辅音 Cs
部分是不变的,而元音 Vx
部分则由 30 种不同的元音形式组成,通过这些元音形式,词缀形成了一个不同类型及程度的复杂矩阵,下面的小节将对其进行解释和说明。
程度 | 甲型 | 乙型 | 丙型 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | a | ai | ia / uä |
2 | ä | au | ie / uë |
3 | e | ei | io / üä |
4 | i | eu | iö / üë |
5 | ëi | ëu | eë |
6 | ö | ou | uö / öë |
7 | o | oi | uo / öä |
8 | ü | iu | ue / ië |
9 | u | ui | ua / iä |
0 | ae | ea | üo |
没有 Cs
形式能包含声门塞音或以 h- 开头,下列特定辅音形式也不能作为 Cs
出现:-w-、-y-、-ç-、-ļ-、-ļw-、-ļy-。此外,没有一个长辅音可以作为 Cs
形式。
7.0.1 程度 0
上表中最后一行的值被称为「程度 0」,表示一个未指定的程度,指的是词缀作为一个整体的一般语义概念。需要注意的是,尽管所有词缀在技术上都存在「程度 0」形式,但如果特定词缀的语义不能连贯地解释「程度 0」值,那么并非所有词缀都会使用「程度 0」形式。
7.0.2 Ca
叠加
特化 Vx
值 -üö,用来表示后面的 Cs
辅音形式被解释为一个 Ca
复合语素,其管辖范围覆盖即,叠加在词干的列位 VI Ca
复合形式之上关于 Ca
构形词的解释见第 3.6 节
译者注
其管辖范围视乎该 Ca
叠加词缀在哪个列位:列位 V 和 VII,前者受列位 VI Ca
管辖,后者管辖包括列位 VI Ca
。
7.1 VxCs
词缀程度与梯度类型
所有的 VxCs
词缀都有九个不同的程度加上一个「无程度」的「零」形式。这九个程度被用来创建一个范围或梯度般的七种不同类型的意义光谱。在语法符号表记中,词缀度数用数字 0 到 9 表示,前面加斜线,紧跟在V-标记而其词缀类型用下标表示及特定的 Cs
辅音形式 VxCs/#
之后,例如:-V₂g/7。梯度类型解释如下。
没有梯度模式。词缀的九个程度没有表现出任何特定分层的语义梯度。梯度类型 0 的词缀包括一个单独的咝音无论是擦音还是塞擦音、一个咝音 + 塞音、一个咝音 + 擦音-ç-、-x-、-h- 除外、一个以咝音结尾的双辅音形式,例如 -s、-č、-sk、-gz、-jd。下图中的 -sp 就是一个梯度类型零词缀的例子。
-sp | NEW* | 新/更新类型(Newness/Revision)
- new = original + new, i.e., never before seen
原生+前所未见如新发明,新生命 - new = never before seen within current context, e.g., a new student
语境中前所未见如新大陆,新人 - new = role, i.e., never functioning/existing in this capacity/manner before
未实行/运用过的能力/方式/角色如新唱法 - new/other = replacement + new
新+代替如新主人 - new/other = additional instance + new
新+附加实例如新章节 - new/other = revision + additional
更新+附加如新版软件 - new/other = revision + replacement
更新+代替如新版Ithkuil - new/other/different = different, not seen/used before within current context; status as addition or replacement is unknown or inapplicable
不同[语境中未见过/用过]/[未知/不适用的附加/替代的情况] - new/other/different = different + new; status as addition or replacement is unknown or inapplicable
新+不同[未知/不适用的附加/替代的情况]
二价「零至一」梯度。程度 1 表示意义梯度光谱/范围的一个极端最小或最大,而程度 9 表示另一个极端最小或最大。程度 2-8 累积增加或减少与词缀相关的概念量。梯度类型 A1 词缀由以 -r 或 -ř 开头的双或三辅音形式组成,如 -rt、-řn、-rks。梯度类型 A1 词缀的一个例子是 -rļ,如下所示。
-rļ | FAM | 熟悉度(Degree Of Familiarity)
- unknowable / alien; unable to even try X-ing
不可知/异类/无法尝试xx - totally unfamiliar, utterly strange; totally unaccustomed to X-ing
完全陌生/不习惯 - unfamiliar, strange; unaccustomed to X-ing
陌生/不习惯 - somewhat unfamiliar; somewhat unaccustomed to X-ing
有点陌生/不习惯 - just becoming familiar, just getting to know; just getting used to X-ing
刚认识/刚习惯 - somewhat familiar; somewhat accustomed to X-ing
比较熟悉/习惯 - familiar/known; accustomed to X-ing
熟悉/习惯 - well-known / utterly familiar with / ingrained; inherently accustomed or used to X-ing
太熟悉/习以为常/出名 - intimate with; intimately involved with / intimately accustomed to
亲密/密切习惯
二价「零至一」光谱式梯度模式,类似类型 A1,但其中程度 1 和 9 表达了「X 太少」和「X 太多」的充分性内涵。梯度类型 A2 词缀由 -h 构成或以 -h 结尾-rh 和 -řh 除外,这两个词属于 A1 类型。梯度类型 A2 词缀的一个例子是 -mh,如下所示。
-mh | FLS | 稳定度(Degree of Fluctuation/Stability)
- too unstable / too random
过于不稳定·随机 - unstable / highly variable/random fluctuation or instability
高度不稳定 - moderately variable/random fluctuation or instability
中度不稳定 - increasing fluctuation or destabilization in pattern
渐趋不稳定 - tending toward fluctuations and periods of instability
倾向于不稳定 - decreasing fluctuation or instability in pattern = increasing stability
渐趋稳定 - moderately stable and lacking in fluctuations
中度稳定 - complete lack of fluctuation or instability; highly stable, steadfast
高度稳定 - too stable
太稳定
「三乘三」梯度模式。程度 1-3 表示涉及一个子参数的光谱或范围;程度 4-6 表示不同子参数下的相同光谱/范围;程度 7-9 表示第三个子参数下的相同光谱/范围。梯度类型 B 词缀至少由两个辅音组成,并且总是以 -ç- 开头或结尾。梯度类型 B 词缀的一个例子是 -çţ,如下所示。
-çţ | RPN | 重复或集合成员分布样式(Pattern of Spatio-Temporal Repetition or Distribution of Set Members)
- slow-paced repetition at regular intervals
慢节奏&间隔规律 - slow-paced repetition at irregular intervals
慢节奏&间隔不规律 - slow-paced repetition at mixed intervals
慢节奏&间隔混杂 - mid-paced repetition at irregular intervals
节奏适中&间隔不规律 - mid-paced repetition at regular intervals
节奏适中&间隔规律 - mid-paced repetition at mixed intervals
节奏适中&间隔混杂 - fast-paced repetition at mixed intervals
快节奏&间隔混杂 - fast-paced repetition at irregular intervals
快节奏&间隔不规律 - fast-paced repetition at regular intervals
快节奏&间隔规律
「逐二」或「振荡」梯度模式。程度 1 代表光谱/范围的一个极值,递增/递减到光谱/范围的另一个极值,通常由程度 4 所代表,而程度 6-9 在相同的值中循环,但带有不同的子参数,与程度 1 至 4 数据独立地操作。程度 5 通常代表与词缀的语义概念相关的中性或元级值。梯度类型 C 词缀由 -ř 组成或以 -ř 结尾。梯度类型 C 词缀的一个例子是 -nř,如下所示。
-nř | AGN | 作用、意图或有效性的程度(Degree of Agency, Intent or Effectiveness)
- with the anticipated max. resulting effect possible
最大程度产生预期可能效果 - with the anticipated resulting effect to a high degree
在很大程度上产生预期效果 - with the anticipated resulting effect to a moderate degree
在适度程度上产生预期效果 - with the anticipated resulting effect but only to a marginal, superficial or barely noticeable degree
产生预期效果但其程度不明显 - with no noticeable effect or resulting change
无明显效果或变化 - with only marginal, superficial, or barely noticeable effect or resulting change unanticipated
产生预料外的效果但其程度不明显 - with moderate effect or resulting change — unanticipated
在适度程度上产生预料外的效果 - with the resulting effect to a high degree — unanticipated
在很大程度上产生预料外的效果 - with the max. resulting effect possible — unanticipated
最大产生预料外的可能效果
三价「-1 至 0 至 +1」梯度模式。程度 1 和 9 代表光谱/范围的相对或互补极端,而程度 5有时为程度 4 或 6代表「中点」,表示标准值、正常值、普通值、中性值、零值或基线值。这是最常见的词缀类型。任何在语音上不符合其他类型的辅音形式都是梯度类型 D1 词缀。梯度类型 D1 词缀的一个例子是 -lţ,如下图所示。
-lţ | SQT | 当下语境相对次序(Sequence Relative to Present Context)
- the former; primarily
前者/其一 - two before preceding
前者前两个 - one before preceding
前个的前个 - immediately beforehand / the preceding / first (of two)
预先/上一个/一对中首个 - current/at hand; now/currently / at the moment [in sequence of events]
目前/当下的·地 [事件次序中] - next / following; then / next
然后/下一个 - one after next
下个的下个 - second one after next
下个后两个 - the latter; secondarily
后者/其二
三价「-1 至 0 至 +1」梯度模式,类似类型 D1,但程度 1 和 9 表达了「X 太少」和「X 太多」的充分性内涵,其中操作充分性参数是过度性或缺乏之。梯度类型 D2 词缀要么以 -x 结尾或由 -x 组成,要么由两个或以上且以 -m 结尾的辅音组成。梯度类型 D2 词缀的例子是 -km,如下所示。
-km | TME | 及时度(Degree Of Timeliness (renamed from LAT))
- too early / too soon
早·快过头 - (quite) early
很早·快 - a little early / a bit soon
有点早·快 - almost late / not a moment too soon / none too soon
不早了 - just in time / sharp / on the dot
及时/刚刚好 - slightly late but not enough to make a difference
稍迟,但不足以造成影响 - a little late
有点迟 - late / just missed it
迟了/刚错过 - too late / you missed it
过迟/没戏了
7.2 VxCs
词缀类型
每个 VxCs
词缀有三种类型,编号分别为甲、乙和丙。在语法符号表记中,词缀程度表示为词缀元音 V 标记后的下标数字即代替 VxCs
记号中的下标-x,如 -V₂g/7。
甲型表示的词缀仅具有以主观上偶然的、巧合的、暂时的或非正式的方式适用于当前语境的语境性语义,而乙型表示的词缀则具有派生性语义,在翻译成英语时会产生词汇上的差异。
例如,甲型词缀 -urx即-V₁rx/9与其乙型对应的 -uirx即-V₂rx/9,两者都意味着exactly similar to…/indistinguishable from/identical…
与之完全相似/无法区分/相同,但用法上的区别在于,甲型词缀表达的只是一种间接的或偶然的相似性,而乙型词缀则意味着这种相似性是该词的一个组成部分。在英语中,这种区别很可能通过使用不同的词来表达。例如,当我们把这两个词缀加到 New Ithkuil 单词 walperson
人上时,就会发现其中的区别:walurx 表示identical-looking person
长相相同的人,而 waluirx 表示twin
不是「双胞胎」的意思,而是指一对极其相似的人的其中一个,汉语可能会用带引号的「双胞胎」表示。这样,我们就可以说,词缀 -Vrx 在带有甲型元音中缀的情况下,其意义是对词干的语境性应用,而在带有乙型元音中缀的情况下,其意义是对词干的派生性应用即从词干中派生出全新的概念或新词。
至于丙型词缀,这些词缀用于这样的情况:即词缀的意义不应用于构形词本身,而是应用于紧邻的词缀。这有点类似于英语中副词修饰描述性形容词的方式。例如,在短语suddenly blue sky
骤然蓝天中,「骤然」指的是「蓝」,而不是「天空」。在 New Ithkuil中,丙型词缀修饰另一个词缀通常是其前的词缀,除非词干上只有两个词缀,在这种情况下,词缀的顺序无关紧要;这是通过使用丙型元音中缀来实现的。例如,词缀 -Vcč/7,意思是made-up, imaginary
捏造的、想象的,既可以用来修饰词干使用甲型词缀,也可以用来修饰词干以派生新词使用乙型词缀,或者只用来修饰相邻的词缀使用丙型词缀。这些词缀必须紧接在它们所修饰的词缀之后,除非它们处于列位首位置,在这种情况下,它们修饰紧接在后的词缀。下面对此进行了说明:
- 甲型词缀:walocča:
a made-up/imaginary person
一个虚构的人 - 乙型词缀:waloicča:
a fictional person
一个虚构人物[即作品中的人物] - 丙型词缀:waluocčox:
a person who is imagined to be large
一个被想象成身材高大的人 [其中词缀 -V₁x/7 = “large”高大]
下面的例子说明了一个乙型词缀被丙型词缀修饰的用法,以创建「早餐」的概念,从字面上可以分析为formal/conventionalized instance of morning-time eating/drinking of foodstuff
早晨时间吃喝食物的正式/常规化实例:
- Alksodëubzuöřcá
- “eat/drink.foodstuff”-DYN-CSV-PRX-FEA₂/5-AMD₃/6-OBS
- kšilu.
- “clown”-OBJ-IND
The clown is eating breakfast.
7.3 声门塞音要求
有两种情况必须在构形词中插入声门塞音,以避免列位 V 中的 VxCs
词缀造成混淆。
7.3.1 用列位 II 来预示列位 V 中多个词缀的存在
当一个构形词的列位 V 包含一个以上的 CsVx
或 VxCs
词缀时,直到最终 CsVx
或 VxCs
词缀「到达」列位 V 结尾标记,是把辅音形式解释为 Cs
形式还是一个 Ca
形式就成了一个问题。因此,有必要及早提示一个构形词的列位 V 是否包含一个以上的 CsVx
或 VxCs
词缀。为此,根据第 2.2 节中的规则,在列位 II 的 Vv
形式中插入声门塞音。
7.3.2 在没有列位 VI Ca
形式的情况下表示列位 V 的末尾
对于包含任何列位 V VxCs
词缀或多个的构形词,其中列位 VI Ca
形式被省略时见第 3.10 节关于「简替」构形词,列位 V 的末尾通过在列位 V 中最后一个 VxCs
词缀的 Vx
形式中插入声门塞音来表示。这个声门塞音是按照第 2.2 节中的规则插入的。注意:如果存在这样的列位 V 声门塞音,并且列位 I 表示该词有列位 IV/VI 简替形式,则不能使用第 4.6 节特别说明中的 Vc
短缩规则。
7.4 列位 V 词缀对列位 VII 词缀
列位 V 与列位 VII 词缀在词缀的语音结构上存在差异,在词缀于构形词其他部分的语义管辖范围上也有所不同。解释如下:
- 列位 V 词缀:如果
Ca
复合语素存在于构形词的列位 VI 中,任何列位 V 词缀都以相反的形式表示:CsVx
;但是,如果列位 IVVr
及列位 VICa
复合语素被省略,如列位 I 所示见第 3.10 节关于「简替」构形词,那么任何列位 V 词缀都以标准形式VxCs
表示。正如之前在第 3.6.1 条中详细说明,列位 V 词缀的存在要求任何列位 VICa
复合语素都需延长辅音。
另外:任何列位 V 词缀的语义管辖范围仅适用于构形词词干,而不适用于其列位 VI Ca
复合词缀即,Ca
复合词缀的各种含义,都是在词干首先被其列位 V 词缀修饰之后,才应用于构形词词干的
- 列位 VII 词缀以标准形式
VxCs
形式显示,并同时适用于词干及其Ca
复合语素即,Ca
复合词缀的含义首先应用于构形词词干,然后得到的产物词干+Ca
复合语素再被任何列位 VII 词缀修饰。请注意,在没有任何列位 V 词缀可多个的情况下,任何列位 VII 词缀可多个的存在不会触发任何列位 VICa
复合语素的延长。
下例说明了将 VxCs
词缀 V₁x/7 词缀 -ox意为large in size
尺寸大放在列位 V 与列位 VII 的区别:
- 列位 V:rraxoţţ “a group of large but (otherwise) dissimilar cats”一群体型较大但[在其他方面]不相似的猫
- 列位 VII:rraţox “a large group of dissimilar cats”一大群不同的猫
7.5 VxCs
词缀的列表
上文第 9.1 节提供了不同类型 VxCs
词缀的小样本,实际上有几百种不同的 VxCs
词缀。词缀文件中列出了这些词缀。
7.6 格辅·格叠加词缀
在第 4.11 节中引入了正格辅词缀、反格辅词缀和格叠加词缀的概念。由于它们表面上与 VxCs
词缀具有相同的语音结构,并且与 VxCs
的词缀一样占据列位 V 和 VII,所以直到现在才完整地列出这些词缀及其语音结构。
- 主事格 THM:a
- party acting as the THEME/CONTENT of X
作为 X 的主事/内容的参与者;主 X 者 - that of/for which X functions as the THEME/CONTENT
以 X 为其主事/内容的;X 所主之(事)
- party acting as the THEME/CONTENT of X
- 工具格 INS:ä
- the INSTRUMENT/MEANS by/via which X occurs
执行 X 所用的工具/手段;X 之所用者 - that by/via which X is the INSTRUMENT/MEANS
使用 X 的;以 X 为用之(事)
- the INSTRUMENT/MEANS by/via which X occurs
- 受事格 ABS:e
- the PATIENT to which/whom X happens
X 的受事者;受 X 者 - that which happens/is done to the PATIENT X
发生在受事者 X 身上的;X 所受之(事)
- the PATIENT to which/whom X happens
- 感事格 AFF:i
- the EXPERIENCER or undergoer of X (as an affective experience)
X 的感事者;感 X 者 - that which the X undergoes as an affective experience
X 所经历的情感;X 所感之(体验)
- the EXPERIENCER or undergoer of X (as an affective experience)
- 刺激格 STM:ëi
- that which is the affective STIMULUS of X
X 的唤起者/刺激;招 X 者 - that of/for which X is the affective STIMULUS
为 X 所唤起的;X 所唤之(体验)
- that which is the affective STIMULUS of X
- 使然格 EFF:ö
- the ENABLER initiating an event chain leading to X
X 的使然者;使 X 者 - the event (chain) that the ENABLER X initiates
为 X 所间接导致的事件(链);X 所致之事(链)
- the ENABLER initiating an event chain leading to X
- 施事格 ERG:o
- the AGENT who/that X’s
行 X 者 / X 的施事者;施 X 者 - that which the AGENT or FORCE X does/initiates
为 X 所行/引发的;X 所施之(事)
- the AGENT who/that X’s
- 领事格 DAT:ü
- the RECIPIENT of X or of the act of X
X 的领事者;领 X 者 - that which the RECIPIENT X receives
为 X 所接受的;X 所领之(事)
- the RECIPIENT of X or of the act of X
- 自发格 IND:u
- the AGENT who/that X’s him-/her-/itself
X 的自施自受者;自 X 者 - that which the AGENT X does to him-/her-/itself
为 X 所施于己的;X 自为之(事)
- the AGENT who/that X’s him-/her-/itself
- 暂有格 POS:ai
- the alienable/circumstantial possessor of X
X 的临时拥有者 - that which X alienably or circumstantially possesses
为 X 所临时拥有的人·事·物
- the alienable/circumstantial possessor of X
- 物主格 PRP:au
- the owner of X; that to which/whom X belongs
X 的物主 that to whom/which X belongsthat which belongs to X; that which X owns
X 的所有物
- the owner of X; that to which/whom X belongs
- 生有格 GEN:ei
- the inalienable possessor of X
生来有 X 者 - that which X inalienably possesses
为 X 天生所拥有的人·事·物
- the inalienable possessor of X
- 体验格 ATT:eu
- that to which/whom X is an attribute/characteristic
X 的亲身体验者 - that which X has as an attribute/characteristic
X 的体验
- that to which/whom X is an attribute/characteristic
- 作者格 PDC:ëu
- the originator/author/creator of X
X 的创作者 - that which X authored/created or originated
为 X 所创作的人·事·物
- the originator/author/creator of X
- 诠释格 ITP:ou
- the party X by / thru which / whom something is subjectively interpreted / considered / described
以自身主观诠释/思考/描述的参与者 X - that which is subjectively considered, described or interpreted by/thru X
以 X 所主观诠释/思考/描述的人·事·物
- the party X by / thru which / whom something is subjectively interpreted / considered / described
- 来源格 OGN:oi
- the original or inherent location/source of X
X 的来源 - that of which X is the original or inherent source/location
源于 X 的人·事·物
- the original or inherent location/source of X
- 相依格 IDP:iu
- that with which or to which, X has a complementary relationship
与 X 有互补关系者 - that which is the complementary relationship shared with X
与 X 共享的互补关系
- that with which or to which, X has a complementary relationship
- 部分格 PAR:ui
- that of which X is its apportioned or enumerated contents
以 X 为其内容物/数量对象者(即容器) - that which is X’s apportioned or enumerated contents
作为 X 的内容物/数量对象者 - 仅与另一个名词同置; 它不再独立表示「X 的某些/部分」。对于后一种含义,必须使用 DGR、PTW、PTT、EXN、SUF、EXD、CNM、FEA/3 或类似的词缀代替,或将 X 以 PAR 格式联接指表示 (X 的) 容器、数量或程度的名词中
- that of which X is its apportioned or enumerated contents
- 应用格 APL:ia / uä
- the purpose/function/use to which X is circumstantially put
X 所发挥的偶然目的/作用/用途 - that which has X as its circumstantial, temporary use/function/purpose
以 X 为其偶然/临时的用途/作用/目的的人·事·物
- the purpose/function/use to which X is circumstantially put
- 意图格 PUR:ie / uë
- the intrinsic/inherent/innate purpose of X
X 的内在意图 - that which has X as its intrinsic, inherent, innate purpose
以 X 为内在意图的人·事·物
- the intrinsic/inherent/innate purpose of X
- 蒙受格 TRA:io / üä
- that which/whom the intended benefit/detriment from X is for
预期从 X 中获益/受损的人·事·物 - that which is the intended benefit or detriment of (receiving/being impacted by) X
是为 X 所带来/影响的预期利/害的人·事·物
- that which/whom the intended benefit/detriment from X is for
- 重视格 DFR:iö / üë
- the one for whose sake, or out of deference/respect to whom, X occurs
X (事件)中所重视的一方 - that which occurs or is done out of respect/deference, or for the sake of, X
为了 X /出于其情分而发生的人·事·物 - 从 Ithkuil 2004 重新引入. reintroduced to disambiguate phrases such as “I have a gift for your mother” meaning either your mother is the intended recipient (BENEFACTIVE) or your mother is the motivating reason for the gift (DEFERENTIAL).
- the one for whose sake, or out of deference/respect to whom, X occurs
- 对立格 CRS:eë
- that which substitutes for X or takes X’s place
X 的代替者 - that for which X is substituted or whose place X takes
X 所代替的人·事·物
- that which substitutes for X or takes X’s place
- 代表格 TSP:uö / öë
- that on whose behalf X occurs/is
X 的代表人 - that which is (done) on X’s behalf
代表 X (作)的
- that on whose behalf X occurs/is
- 交换格 CMM:uo / öä
- that which is received in an act of exchange
交换中所领受者 - that which is relinquished in an act of exchange
交换中所让与者
- that which is received in an act of exchange
- 对比格 CMP:ue / ië
- that which is compared to X; 错误地照搬自 CFM
that which is according to or pursuant to X; that which occurs as per, or in conformance to X
与 X 比较者 - that which X is compared to;
that, according to or pursuant to which, or as per or in conformance to which, X is/occurs
X 所比较者
- that which is compared to X; 错误地照搬自 CFM
- 观念格 CSD:ua / iä
- that which is according to X
依 X 之见的人·事·物 - that which X is according to
X 所依据的(看法)
- that which is according to X
- 方式格 FUN:ao
- the manner in which X is/occurs
作 X 的方式 - that which is/occurs in a manner described or characterized by X
处于以 X 所述的方式中的人·事·物
- the manner in which X is/occurs
- 转化格 TFM:aö
- that into which, X transforms/changes
X 所转化的人·事·物 - that which is/occurs as a result of the transformation of X
由于 X 的转变而产生的结果
- that into which, X transforms/changes
- 分类格 CLA:eo
- the basis by which X is arranged, sorted, patterned or counted
X 的分类依据 - that which is arranged, sorted, patterned, or counted by/via X
根据 X 所分类的人·事·物
- the basis by which X is arranged, sorted, patterned or counted
- 结果格 RSL:eö
- the result/consequence of which, X occurs/is
导致 X 的发生的人·事·物 - that which results from or is a consequence of X
从 X 而来的(结果)
- the result/consequence of which, X occurs/is
- 消耗格 CSM:oë
- that by which X is consumed or used up
X 的消耗者 - that which is consumed in the process of X
X 的过程中所消耗的人·事·物
- that by which X is consumed or used up
- 让步格 CON:öe
- that, in spite of or regardless of which, X occurs/is
无论如何 X 还是发生的(情况) - that which is/occurs in spite of or regardless of X
无论 X 如何都会发生的(情况)
- that, in spite of or regardless of which, X occurs/is
- 避免格 AVR:oe
- that, in aversion to which, X occurs/is
X 所避免的人·事·物 - that which is/occurs in avoidance or fear of X
以免 X 而发生的人·事·物
- that, in aversion to which, X occurs/is
- 若非格 CVS:öa
- that, if not for which, or but for which, or except for which, X (would) occur(s)
若没有它, 便发生 X 的人·事·物 - that which would be/occur but for, or if not for, or except for X
若 X 不存在便会发生的人·事·物
- that, if not for which, or but for which, or except for which, X (would) occur(s)
- 处境格 SIT:oa
- that, because of which, or given which, X occurs/is
X 发生的(前提处境) - that which is/occurs because of, on account of, or given, X
鉴于 X 而发生的(事件)
- that, because of which, or given which, X occurs/is
废除格
- IRRESPECTIVE IRS case: “whether X or not”, “whether or not X”, “regardless of X” (previously named the RESTRICTIVE RST)
- 关于格 PRN:a
- that which X is about or to which X pertains/is in regard
X 所涉及的人·事·物 - that which pertains to X or which is about or in regard to X
涉及 X 的人·事·物
- that which X is about or to which X pertains/is in regard
- 描述格 DSC:ä
- that which is characterized or describable by/as X
以 X 为特征或能以 X 描述的人·事·物 - that which characterizes or functions as a description for X
说明 X 的特征或作用的人·事·物 - DSC 格 = 作形容词的格 (adjectival case)
- that which is characterized or describable by/as X
- 相关格 COR:e
- that which X is associated/relative to or in relation to
X 所相关联的人·事·物 - that which is associated with or relative to X
与 X 相关联的人·事·物 - 与Ithkuil 2011相比, 功能变化: “characterized by X” 移到 DSC 描述格; “spatially relative to” 移到 IRL 相对格; Conductive CNV合并入COR;
- that which X is associated/relative to or in relation to
- 成分格 CPS:i
- that of which X is made/composed or consists of
X 的成分/构成物 - that which consists of, is made of, or is composed of X
以 X 所制的人·事·物 - 与Ithkuil 2011相比, 功能变化: 用于动词消耗物的功能(e.g. She cook using tomatoes)被废除.视乎语境以
INS 工具格或 UTL 持用格CSM 消耗格代替.
- that of which X is made/composed or consists of
- 伴随格 COM:ëi
- that which accompanies X
伴随着 X 的人·事·物 - that which X accompanies
X 所伴随的人·事·物
- that which accompanies X
- 持用格 UTL:ö
- that which circumstantially uses/utilizes X
X 的持用者 - that which is used/utilized circumstantially by X
为 X 所持用的人·事·物
- that which circumstantially uses/utilizes X
- 基于格 PRD:o
- that upon which X relies or is based upon
X 的根本 - that which relies on or is based upon X
基于 X 的人·事·物
- that upon which X relies or is based upon
- 关系格 RLT:u
- that which identifies or distinguishes X from other parties
将 X 与其他个体识别/区分者 - the party identified by or distinguishable by X
为 X 所识别/区分开的人·事·物 - RELATIVE RLT case: “...which/that is/does X” [creates the equivalent to a simple relative clause] 可以创造相当于简单关系从句的等效者
- that which identifies or distinguishes X from other parties
废除的有关格
- Postulative PTL 合并于 Provisional PVS;
- Abessive 无格 ABE, 以 COM 伴随格 + 否定后缀代替;
- Exceptive 除外格 EXC, 以 CTR 词缀的
except (for) X; but (not) X; excluding X
代替 - SEMBLATIVE SBL case = “as if (it were) X”. Distinguished from the ASSIMILATIVE to disambiguate phrases such as treat her as/like a princess having two different implications: (1) “...because she is a princess (or like one)” [ASSIMILATIVE] or (2) “...even though she isn’t a princess (or doesn’t look/act/seem like one)” [new SEMBLATIVE case]. 作为代替,以 ESS 和 ASI 区分.
- Conjunctive CNJ 用 COM + PRL 或 CPL配价代替
- 意能格 ACT:ai
- the one who experiences a modal state of X
情态 X 的经历者 - the modal state which X experiences
X 所经历的情态
- the one who experiences a modal state of X
- 如同格 ASI:au
- that which/who is/does like or as (it were) X
表现得像 X 的人·事·物 - that, as if it were which, X is/occurs
X 所模仿的人·事·物
- that which/who is/does like or as (it were) X
- 作为格 ESS:ei
- that whose role is X, or what/who is named (as) X
作为/身为 X 的人·事·物 - that, in whose role/name, X is/occurs
以 X 为其身份的人·事·物
- that whose role is X, or what/who is named (as) X
- 目标格 TRM:eu
- X’s goal; what X pursues as a goal
X 所追求的目标 - the goal X
目标 X - TERMINATIVE TRM: identifies a GOAL (whether circumstantial, sequential, figurative, spatial or temporal) [NOTE: the name TERMINATIVE has been reassigned from Ithkuil’s TERMINATIVE extension, which in turn has been renamed the ATTENTUATIVE in this language.]
- X’s goal; what X pursues as a goal
- 每逢格 SEL:ëu
- the recurring entity/period on/for/with which X occurs
X 发生的反复存在/周期 - that which is/occurs on a recurrent schedule or iteration X
属于迭代循环 X 中的(事件) - 从 Ithkuil 2011 EPS 改名, 并扩展到 spatial phenomena 空间现象.
- the recurring entity/period on/for/with which X occurs
- 根据格 CFM:ou
- that which is pursuant to, as per, or in conformance with X
符合(规定) X 的人·事·物 - that which X is pursuant to or in conformance with
X 所符合的(规定) - “as per (the requirements of)” = “in conformance with (the dictates of)” = “as is necessitated by” [split off from Ithkuil’s CONSIDERATIVE case]
- that which is pursuant to, as per, or in conformance with X
- 依赖格 DEP:oi
- that upon which the existence/occurrence of X depends
X 的存在/发生所依赖的人·事·物 - that whose existence or occurrence depends on X
存在/发生取决于 X 的人·事·物
- that upon which the existence/occurrence of X depends
- 呼格 VOC:ui
- 尽管其格辅没有含义,但具有语法意义:见词根文档关于如何用 New Ithkuil 命名语法范畴
- 位格 LOC:ia / uä
- where X occurs/is (situated); X’s location
发生 X 的地点 - that which is located, situated, or occurring at X
位于 X 发生的人·事·物
- where X occurs/is (situated); X’s location
- 当场格 ATD:ie / uë
- that in whose presence which, X is/occurs
X 发生的附近处 - that which is situated or occurring in X’s presence
在 X 面前发生的人·事·物 - “in the presence of X”, “before/with X” = “in X’s presence” [implies purposeful or a relational reference to X, different from LOCATIVE which only signifies location], e.g., the difference between “I am in my car” (LOCATIVE) vs. “I am at my car” (ATTENDANT), the latter implying “I’ve arrived at my car” or “My car is before me.” 在 X 面前.
- that in whose presence which, X is/occurs
- 向格 ALL:io / üä
- where X is headed/going toward
X 所去处 - that which is headed toward X
朝向 X 运动的人·事·物
- where X is headed/going toward
- 离格 ABL:iö / üë
- where X is coming from or moving away from
X 离开的地方 - that which is coming from or moving away from X
来自 X 的人·事·物
- where X is coming from or moving away from
- 定向格 ORI:eë
- that which serves as X’s orientational interface
作为 X 的定向面的人·事·物 - that which is oriented, facing in the direction designated by X
朝向 X 所指定的方向的人·事·物 - Procursive 界面格 PSV 和 ORI合并(前者的意思以 + 静态动词出现; 后者 + 表示运动的动词)
- that which serves as X’s orientational interface
- 相对格 IRL:uö / öë
- the place/time relative to which, X is/occurs
与 X 的发生相对处/时 - that which occurs relative to the place/time designated by X
相对于 X 所指定的地点/时间所发生的(事件) - “spatially/temporally relative to” [taken from the 2nd function of Ithkuil 2011 CORRELATIVE case]
- the place/time relative to which, X is/occurs
- 起止格 INV:uo / öä
- the place/time since/until/between which, X is/occurs
X 发生的起止时间点/ X 所发生的此处与彼处之间 - that which occurs since, until, or between the place(s)/time(s) designated by X
为在 X 所指定处或时间段发生的(事件)
- the place/time since/until/between which, X is/occurs
- 路径格 NAV:ua / iä
- that which serves as X’s directional trajectory, path or way
作为 X 的路径的人·事·物 - that which is traveling along the directional trajectory, path or way designated by X
沿着 X 指定的方向性轨迹、路径行驶的人·事·物
- that which serves as X’s directional trajectory, path or way
- 时段格 CNR:ao
- when X is/occurs
X 发生的时间 - that which is/occurs at a certain time X
当 X 时发生的人·事·物
- when X is/occurs
- 比例格 ASS:aö
- the spatial, temporal, or unit basis for the ratio by which X is measured, alloted, etc.
作为比例以测量 X 的时·空·单位基础 - that which is measured via a ratio based on a spatial, temporal, or unit increment X
以时·空·单位增量 X 为基础的比例所测量的人·事·物
- the spatial, temporal, or unit basis for the ratio by which X is measured, alloted, etc.
- 时期格 PER:eo
- the time period or event during which X occurs
X 发生的时期 - that which is/occurs during or within a time period X
在时期 X 内发生的人·事·物
- the time period or event during which X occurs
- 时长格 PRO:eö
- (the time period or event constituting) the duration of X
X 的持续时间 - that which lasts, endures, or takes up an amount of time X
度过了时长 X 的人·事·物
- (the time period or event constituting) the duration of X
- 之前格 PCV:oë
- the act/event or point in time, prior to which, X occurs
事件,X 先于之 - the act/event or point in time which is/occurs prior to X
事件,其先于 X
- the act/event or point in time, prior to which, X occurs
- 之后格 PCR:öe
- the act/event or time,after/following which or subsequent to which, X occurs
事件,X 后于之 - the act/event or time which is/occurs after or following or subsequent to X
事件,其后于 X
- the act/event or time,after/following which or subsequent to which, X occurs
- 经过格 ELP:oe
- the amount of elapsed time between X and a past or future act/event/time
在 X 与过去/未来事件之间的所流逝时间量 - the act/event/state which occurs X amount of elapsed time between then and the contextual present.
发生于从当时到语境当下的事件的所流逝时间量 X
- the amount of elapsed time between X and a past or future act/event/time
- 到时格 PLM:oa
- the time/event by which time X is/occurs
事件 X 发生的时限点 - the act/event or point in time which is/occurs by the time of X
在时限点 X 发生的事件
- the time/event by which time X is/occurs
废除的时空格
- SIMULTANEITIVE 同时格 SML 视乎语境以 CNR 或ASS 代替;
- DIFFUSIVE 时候格 DFF 合并于 CNR;
- Interpolative 每间格 INP 以 PRO 代替;
- Allapsive 以后格 ALP 并入 ELP (以时体区分以前vs.以后)
- PRECURRENT PRT case = “there having first been X” / “preceded by X” (temporal or spatial)
7.6.1 格辅·格叠加词缀的语音结构
这些词缀的语音结构如下:词缀的 Vx
部分是规则 VxCs
词缀的标准的四种元音形式系列。有七种类型的词缀甲·乙·丙型正格辅、甲·乙·丙型反格辅、格叠加词缀,首个 Cs
增长用于格 1-36,而另一个 Cs
增长用于格 37-68。
前 36 例的 Vx
是前四个标准元音形式系列即与相应的 Vc
格词缀相同。第 37-68 例使用相同的四个元音形式系列即不在 Vx
增长中添加声门塞音,与前 36 例的区别在于其不同的 Cs
增长。这种结构允许正反格辅·格叠加词缀出现在列位 V 或列位 VII 或词缀小词中。关于如何在无框动词性构形词上使用「格叠加词缀」来替代「格」框架,请参见第 5.7 节。
格 | 甲型 | 乙型 | 丙型 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vx = 系列号 | Cs = | Vx = 系列号 | Cs = | Vx = 系列号 | Cs = | |
1-9 | 1 | sw | 1 | zw | 1 | čw |
10-18 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
19-27 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
28-36 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||
37-44 * | 1 | sy | 1 | zy | 1 | čy |
45-52 * | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
53-60 * | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
61-68 * | 4 | 4 | 4 |
格 | 甲型 | 乙型 | 丙型 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vx = 系列号 | Cs = | Vx = 系列号 | Cs = | Vx = 系列号 | Cs = | |
1-9 | 1 | šw | 1 | žw | 1 | jw |
10-18 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
19-27 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
28-36 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |||
37-44 * | 1 | šy | 1 | žy | 1 | jy |
45-52 * | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||
53-60 * | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
61-68 * | 4 | 4 | 4 |
格 | Vx = 系列号 | Cs = |
---|---|---|
1-9 | 1 | lw |
10-18 | 2 | |
19-27 | 3 | |
28-36 | 4 | |
37-44 * | 1 | ly |
45-52 * | 2 | |
53-60 * | 3 | |
61-68 * | 4 |
* 对于格 37-68:因为这四个格组都只包含八个格,而不是九个格,而且每个格组都没有使用第 8 个元音形式ü-层,同样,这些格辅或格叠加词缀也没有使用第 8 层元音形式。
7.6.2 甲·乙型格辅词缀的用例
- Pţödá
- “seek”-OBJ/DYN-PRX-OBS
- lu
- 1M/NEU-IND
- psoloswëi.
- “cause.to.happen”-CSV/DYN-[默认Ca]-正格辅:ERG₁-STM
What Iʼm seeking is the party who has done this.
- Pţödá
- “seek”-OBJ/DYN-PRX-OBS
- lu
- 1M/NEU-IND
- psolozwëi.
- “cause.to.happen”-CSV/DYN-[默认Ca]-正格辅:ERG₂-STM
What Iʼm seeking is the perpetrator.
- Äţtulalzói
- CPT-“know”-DYN-[默认Ca]-DSD₁/1-POT
- laʼi
- 1M/NEU-ACT
- welošwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“child”-反格辅:ERG₁-THM
- kšile.
- “clown”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-ABS
I want to know what the child did to the clown.
- Malalzói
- “talk”-[默认Ca]-DSD₁/1-POT
- laʼi
- 1M/NEU-ACT
- erdwilařstëuswü.
- 词干.2/CPT-“building”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-LCM₁/1-正格辅:PDC₁-DAT
I want to talk to the designer of the building
- Malalzói
- “talk”-[默认Ca]-DSD₁/1-POT
- laʼi
- 1M/NEU-ACT
- erdwilařstëuzwü.
- 词干.2/CPT-“building”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-LCM₁/1-正格辅:PDC₂-DAT
I want to talk to the architect of the building.
- Malalzói
- “talk”-[默认Ca]-DSD₁/1-POT
- laʼi
- 1M/NEU-ACT
- erdwili’sya.
- 词干.2/CPT-“building”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-正格辅:CPS₁-PRN
I want to talk about what the building is made out of.
- Malalzói
- “talk”-[默认Ca]-DSD₁/1-POT
- laʼi
- 1M/NEU-ACT
- erdwiliʼzya.
- 词干.2/CPT-“building”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-正格辅:CPS₂-PRN
I want to talk about the building’s construction materials.
- Kšilá
- “clown”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-OBS
- welëisya.
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“child”-反格辅:COM₁-THM
The one whom the child is with is a clown.
- Kšilá
- “clown”-OBJ-[默认Ca]-OBS
- welëizya.
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“child”-反格辅:COM₂-THM
The child’s chaperone is a clown.
7.6.3 丙型正格辅&反格辅词缀
使用这些来修改相邻的 VxCs
;丙型正格辅修改相邻的词缀,使其指向一个适当的参与方到构形词中,参与的性质由格辅词缀的具体格来表示。下面的例子比较了丙型正格辅及其反格辅形式:
- wupsovļäčwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.3/PRC-“event”-PLE/7-正格辅:INS₃
that by which a pleasant event occurs
- wupsovļäjwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.3/PRC-“event”-PLE/7-反格辅:INS₃
what a pleasant event is used for
- weproptočwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“upward.motion”-DNG₁/7-正格辅:ERG₃
the one who dangerously pushes (it) upward
- weproptojwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“upward.motion”-DNG₁/7-反格辅:ERG₃
that which one dangerously pushes upward
- wufjopčiečwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.3/PRC-“interfere”-AUT₁/7-正格辅:PUR₃
the purpose for using one’s authority to interfere
- wufjopčiejwa
- [默认Ca]-词干.3/PRC-“interfere”-AUT₁/7-反格辅:PUR₃
what using one’s authority to interfere is for
- weläxţičya
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“child”-CNC₂/2-正格辅:TRM₃
the selfish child’s goal/
what the selfish child is after
- weläxţijya
- [默认Ca]-词干.2/PRC-“child”-CNC₂/2-反格辅:TRM₃
the goal being a selfish child/
in pursuit/hope of a selfish child
注意
无论使用的是标准丙型 VxCs
词缀还是丙型正格辅或丙型反格辅词缀,应当记住的是:丙型词缀只修饰紧接在前的词缀如果该特定列位中只有两个词缀,则修饰后面的词缀,丙型词缀并不修饰整个构形词。如果丙型词缀的使用导致语义歧义或不连贯,则不要使用丙型词缀。
7.6.4 格叠加词缀的用例
- Hmažfie-egulirkwá
- PRX/联:PRC-“healthy.state”-PUR-主:词干.2-“ambulate”-DYN-CYC₁/4-OBS
- ru
- 1M/BEN-IND
- yamţröalwaʼo.
- PRX-PRC-“rain”-CVS-CNR
I jog every day except during the rain.
格叠加可以替代格框。例如,请看下面这个使用了关系格框的句子:
- Ẓulá
- “see”-DYN-[默认Ca]-OBS
- mu
- ma/NEU-IND
- eňtyarka
- 词干.2-PRC-“written.page”-MSC/COA-THM
- bzmareʼna
- “rat”-G-TPF₁/3-PRN
- äšgúʼlayu
- CPT-“capture”-DYN/有框-[默认Ca]-RTR-RLT
- ro.
- 1m/BEN-ERG
S/he looks at the book about the rats I captured.
现在比较一下上句和下句,后者用一个关系格叠加词缀代替了格框:
- Ẓulá
- “see”-DYN-[默认Ca]-OBS
- mu
- ma/NEU-IND
- eňtyarka
- 词干.2-PRC-“written.page”-MSC/COA-THM
- bzmarulyeʼna
- “rat”-G-RLT-TPF₁/3-PRN
- äšgulayâ
- CPT-“capture”-DYN-[默认Ca]-RTR-REC
- ro.
- 1m/BEN-ERG
S/he looks at the book about the rats I captured.
为了更清楚地理解多个构形词的排序、格叠加词缀的放置以及 TPF 词缀的使用是如何赋予上句特定含义的,请将上句与下句进行比较:
- Ẓulá
- “see”-DYN-[默认Ca]-OBS
- mu
- ma/NEU-IND
- eňtyarka
- 词干.2-PRC-“written.page”-MSC/COA-THM
- äšgúʼlaya
- CPT-“capture”-DYN/有框-[默认Ca]-RTR-PRN
- ro
- 1m/BEN-ERG
- bzmare.
- PRC-“rat”-G-ABS
S/he looks at the book about me having captured the rats.
7.7 使用列位 II 作为三个常见词缀的「简替」
每个构形词的列位 I 值为[零]、h- 或 hw-即,构形词不包含第 3.10 节规定的列位 IV/VI a+ Ca
简替时,可以选择使用列位 II 元音来表示三个常用 VxCs
词缀之一:在词缀中,有三种常用的 VxCs
词缀:NEG₁/4、DCD₁/4 或 DCD₁/5 关于这三个词缀的含义,请参阅词缀文档。请注意,如果使用了这三个可选词缀简替中的一个,则该词缀的作用范围包括词干、其 Ca
复合语素以及构形词中的任何其他 VxCs
词缀即,其作用如同列位 VII 中的最后一个词缀。这三个词缀的列位 II 元音形式简替如下表所示。
如果列位 I 为[零]、h-、hw-即构形词不包含列位 IV/VI a+ Ca
简替的列位 II Vv
值
词干 | 版本 | Vv | Vv + 可选词缀简替 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEG/4 | DCD/4 | DCD/5 | |||
一 | 进程版 PRC | (a) | ai | ia / uä | ao |
完成版 CPT | ä | au | ie / uë | aö | |
二 | 进程版 PRC | e | ei | io / üä | eo |
完成版 CPT | i | eu | iö / üë | eö | |
三 | 进程版 PRC | u | ui | ua / iä | oa |
完成版 CPT | ü | iu | ue / ië | öa | |
零 | 进程版 PRC | o | oi | uo / öä | oe |
完成版 CPT | ö | ou | uö / öë | öe |