论元格

1. 主事格 THM：a
   • party acting as the THEME/CONTENT of X
     作为 X 的主事/内容的参与者；主 X 者
   • that of/for which X functions as the THEME/CONTENT
     以 X 为其主事/内容的；X 所主之(事)
2. 工具格 INS：ä
   • the INSTRUMENT/MEANS by/via which X occurs
     执行 X 所用的工具/手段；X 之所用者
   • that by/via which X is the INSTRUMENT/MEANS
     使用 X 的；以 X 为用之(事)
3. 受事格 ABS：e
   • the PATIENT to which/whom X happens
     X 的受事者；受 X 者
   • that which happens/is done to the PATIENT X
     发生在受事者 X 身上的；X 所受之(事)
4. 感事格 AFF：i
   • the EXPERIENCER or undergoer of X (as an affective experience)
     X 的感事者；感 X 者
   • that which the X undergoes as an affective experience
     X 所经历的情感；X 所感之(体验)
5. 刺激格 STM：ëi
   • that which is the affective STIMULUS of X
     X 的唤起者/刺激；招 X 者
   • that of/for which X is the affective STIMULUS
     为 X 所唤起的；X 所唤之(体验)
6. 使然格 EFF：ö
   • the ENABLER initiating an event chain leading to X
     X 的使然者；使 X 者
   • the event (chain) that the ENABLER X initiates
     为 X 所间接导致的事件(链)；X 所致之事(链)
7. 施事格 ERG：o
   • the AGENT who/that X’s
     行 X 者 / X 的施事者；施 X 者
   • that which the AGENT or FORCE X does/initiates
     为 X 所行/引发的；X 所施之(事)
8. 领事格 DAT：ü
   • the RECIPIENT of X or of the act of X
     X 的领事者；领 X 者
   • that which the RECIPIENT X receives
     为 X 所接受的；X 所领之(事)
9. 自发格 IND：u
   • the AGENT who/that X’s him-/her-/itself
     X 的自施自受者；自 X 者
   • that which the AGENT X does to him-/her-/itself
     为 X 所施于己的；X 自为之(事)

邻置格

10. 暂有格 POS：ai
    • the alienable/circumstantial possessor of X
      X 的临时拥有者
    • that which X alienably or circumstantially possesses
      为 X 所临时拥有的人·事·物
11. 物主格 PRP：au
    • the owner of X; that to which/whom X belongs
      X 的物主
    • that to whom/which X belongs that which belongs to X; that which X owns
      X 的所有物
12. 生有格 GEN：ei
    • the inalienable possessor of X
      生来有 X 者
    • that which X inalienably possesses
      为 X 天生所拥有的人·事·物
13. 体验格 ATT：eu
    • that to which/whom X is an attribute/characteristic
      X 的亲身体验者
    • that which X has as an attribute/characteristic
      X 的体验
14. 作者格 PDC：ëu
    • the originator/author/creator of X
      X 的创作者
    • that which X authored/created or originated
      为 X 所创作的人·事·物
15. 诠释格 ITP：ou
    • the party X by / thru which / whom something is subjectively interpreted / considered / described
      以自身主观诠释/思考/描述的参与者 X
    • that which is subjectively considered, described or interpreted by/thru X
      以 X 所主观诠释/思考/描述的人·事·物
16. 来源格 OGN：oi
    • the original or inherent location/source of X
      X 的来源
    • that of which X is the original or inherent source/location
      源于 X 的人·事·物
17. 相依格 IDP：iu
    • that with which or to which, X has a complementary relationship
      与 X 有互补关系者
    • that which is the complementary relationship shared with X
      与 X 共享的互补关系
18. 部分格 PAR：ui
    • that of which X is its apportioned or enumerated contents
      以 X 为其内容物/数量对象者即容器
    • that which is X’s apportioned or enumerated contents
      作为 X 的内容物/数量对象者
    • 仅与另一个名词同置; 它不再独立表示「X 的某些/部分」。对于后一种含义，必须使用 DGR、PTW、PTT、EXN、SUF、EXD、CNM、FEA/3 或类似的词缀代替，或将 X 以 PAR 格式联接指表示 (X 的) 容器、数量或程度的名词中

关联格

19. 应用格 APL：ia / uä
    • the purpose/function/use to which X is circumstantially put
      X 所发挥的偶然目的/作用/用途
    • that which has X as its circumstantial, temporary use/function/purpose
      以 X 为其偶然/临时的用途/作用/目的的人·事·物
20. 意图格 PUR：ie / uë
    • the intrinsic/inherent/innate purpose of X
      X 的内在意图
    • that which has X as its intrinsic, inherent, innate purpose
      以 X 为内在意图的人·事·物
21. 蒙受格 TRA：io / üä
    • that which/whom the intended benefit/detriment from X is for
      预期从 X 中获益/受损的人·事·物
    • that which is the intended benefit or detriment of (receiving/being impacted by) X
      是为 X 所带来/影响的预期利/害的人·事·物
22. 重视格 DFR：iö / üë
    • the one for whose sake, or out of deference/respect to whom, X occurs
      X (事件)中所重视的一方
    • that which occurs or is done out of respect/deference, or for the sake of, X
      为了 X /出于其情分而发生的人·事·物
    • 从 Ithkuil 2004 重新引入. reintroduced to disambiguate phrases such as “I have a gift for your mother” meaning either your mother is the intended recipient (BENEFACTIVE) or your mother is the motivating reason for the gift (DEFERENTIAL).
23. 对立格 CRS：eë
    • that which substitutes for X or takes X’s place
      X 的代替者
    • that for which X is substituted or whose place X takes
      X 所代替的人·事·物
24. 代表格 TSP：uö / öë
    • that on whose behalf X occurs/is
      X 的代表人
    • that which is (done) on X’s behalf
      代表 X (作)的
25. 交换格 CMM：uo / öä
    • that which is received in an act of exchange
      交换中所领受者
    • that which is relinquished in an act of exchange
      交换中所让与者
26. 对比格 CMP：ue / ië
    • that which is compared to X; 错误地照搬自 CFM that which is according to or pursuant to X; that which occurs as per, or in conformance to X
      与 X 比较者
    • that which X is compared to; that, according to or pursuant to which, or as per or in conformance to which, X is/occurs
      X 所比较者
27. 观念格 CSD：ua / iä
    • that which is according to X
      依 X 之见的人·事·物
    • that which X is according to
      X 所依据的(看法)

状语格

28. 方式格 FUN：ao
    • the manner in which X is/occurs
      作 X 的方式
    • that which is/occurs in a manner described or characterized by X
      处于以 X 所述的方式中的人·事·物
29. 转化格 TFM：aö
    • that into which, X transforms/changes
      X 所转化的人·事·物
    • that which is/occurs as a result of the transformation of X
      由于 X 的转变而产生的结果
30. 分类格 CLA：eo
    • the basis by which X is arranged, sorted, patterned or counted
      X 的分类依据
    • that which is arranged, sorted, patterned, or counted by/via X
      根据 X 所分类的人·事·物
31. 结果格 RSL：eö
    • the result/consequence of which, X occurs/is
      导致 X 的发生的人·事·物
    • that which results from or is a consequence of X
      从 X 而来的(结果)
32. 消耗格 CSM：oë
    • that by which X is consumed or used up
      X 的消耗者
    • that which is consumed in the process of X
      X 的过程中所消耗的人·事·物
33. 让步格 CON：öe
    • that, in spite of or regardless of which, X occurs/is
      无论如何 X 还是发生的(情况)
    • that which is/occurs in spite of or regardless of X
      无论 X 如何都会发生的(情况)
34. 避免格 AVR：oe
    • that, in aversion to which, X occurs/is
      X 所避免的人·事·物
    • that which is/occurs in avoidance or fear of X
      以免 X 而发生的人·事·物
35. 若非格 CVS：öa
    • that, if not for which, or but for which, or except for which, X (would) occur(s)
      若没有它, 便发生 X 的人·事·物
    • that which would be/occur but for, or if not for, or except for X
      若 X 不存在便会发生的人·事·物
36. 处境格 SIT：oa
    • that, because of which, or given which, X occurs/is
      X 发生的(前提处境)
    • that which is/occurs because of, on account of, or given, X
      鉴于 X 而发生的(事件)

废除格

• IRRESPECTIVE IRS case: “whether X or not”, “whether or not X”, “regardless of X” (previously named the RESTRICTIVE RST)

连属格

37. 关于格 PRN：a
    • that which X is about or to which X pertains/is in regard
      X 所涉及的人·事·物
    • that which pertains to X or which is about or in regard to X
      涉及 X 的人·事·物
38. 描述格 DSC：ä
    • that which is characterized or describable by/as X
      以 X 为特征或能以 X 描述的人·事·物
    • that which characterizes or functions as a description for X
      说明 X 的特征或作用的人·事·物
    • DSC 格 = 作形容词的格 (adjectival case)
39. 相关格 COR：e
    • that which X is associated/relative to or in relation to
      X 所相关联的人·事·物
    • that which is associated with or relative to X
      与 X 相关联的人·事·物
    • 与Ithkuil 2011相比, 功能变化: “characterized by X” 移到 DSC 描述格; “spatially relative to” 移到 IRL 相对格; Conductive CNV合并入COR;
40. 成分格 CPS：i
    • that of which X is made/composed or consists of
      X 的成分/构成物
    • that which consists of, is made of, or is composed of X
      以 X 所制的人·事·物
    • 与Ithkuil 2011相比, 功能变化: 用于动词消耗物的功能(e.g. She cook using tomatoes)被废除.视乎语境以INS 工具格或 UTL 持用格 CSM 消耗格代替.
41. 伴随格 COM：ëi
    • that which accompanies X
      伴随着 X 的人·事·物
    • that which X accompanies
      X 所伴随的人·事·物
42. 持用格 UTL：ö
    • that which circumstantially uses/utilizes X
      X 的持用者
    • that which is used/utilized circumstantially by X
      为 X 所持用的人·事·物
43. 基于格 PRD：o
    • that upon which X relies or is based upon
      X 的根本
    • that which relies on or is based upon X
      基于 X 的人·事·物
44. 关系格 RLT：u
    • that which identifies or distinguishes X from other parties
      将 X 与其他个体识别/区分者
    • the party identified by or distinguishable by X
      为 X 所识别/区分开的人·事·物
    • RELATIVE RLT case: “...which/that is/does X” [creates the equivalent to a simple relative clause] 可以创造相当于简单关系从句的等效者

废除的有关格

• Postulative PTL 合并于 Provisional PVS;
• Abessive 无格 ABE, 以 COM 伴随格 + 否定后缀代替;
• Exceptive 除外格 EXC, 以 CTR 词缀的except (for) X; but (not) X; excluding X代替
• SEMBLATIVE SBL case = “as if (it were) X”. Distinguished from the ASSIMILATIVE to disambiguate phrases such as treat her as/like a princess having two different implications: (1) “...because she is a princess (or like one)” [ASSIMILATIVE] or (2) “...even though she isn’t a princess (or doesn’t look/act/seem like one)” [new SEMBLATIVE case]. 作为代替，以 ESS 和 ASI 区分.
• Conjunctive CNJ 用 COM + PRL 或 CPL配价代替

系联格

45. 意能格 ACT：ai
    • the one who experiences a modal state of X
      情态 X 的经历者
    • the modal state which X experiences
      X 所经历的情态
46. 如同格 ASI：au
    • that which/who is/does like or as (it were) X
      表现得像 X 的人·事·物
    • that, as if it were which, X is/occurs
      X 所模仿的人·事·物
47. 作为格 ESS：ei
    • that whose role is X, or what/who is named (as) X
      作为/身为 X 的人·事·物
    • that, in whose role/name, X is/occurs
      以 X 为其身份的人·事·物
48. 目标格 TRM：eu
    • X’s goal; what X pursues as a goal
      X 所追求的目标
    • the goal X
      目标 X
    • TERMINATIVE TRM: identifies a GOAL (whether circumstantial, sequential, figurative, spatial or temporal) [NOTE: the name TERMINATIVE has been reassigned from Ithkuil’s TERMINATIVE extension, which in turn has been renamed the ATTENTUATIVE in this language.]
49. 每逢格 SEL：ëu
    • the recurring entity/period on/for/with which X occurs
      X 发生的反复存在/周期
    • that which is/occurs on a recurrent schedule or iteration X
      属于迭代循环 X 中的(事件)
    • 从 Ithkuil 2011 EPS 改名, 并扩展到 spatial phenomena 空间现象.
50. 根据格 CFM：ou
    • that which is pursuant to, as per, or in conformance with X
      符合(规定) X 的人·事·物
    • that which X is pursuant to or in conformance with
      X 所符合的(规定)
    • “as per (the requirements of)” = “in conformance with (the dictates of)” = “as is necessitated by” [split off from Ithkuil’s CONSIDERATIVE case]
51. 依赖格 DEP：oi
    • that upon which the existence/occurrence of X depends
      X 的存在/发生所依赖的人·事·物
    • that whose existence or occurrence depends on X
      存在/发生取决于 X 的人·事·物
52. 呼格 VOC：ui
    • 尽管其格辅没有含义，但具有语法意义：见词根文档关于如何用 New Ithkuil 命名语法范畴

时空格一列

53. 位格 LOC：ia / uä
    • where X occurs/is (situated); X’s location
      发生 X 的地点
    • that which is located, situated, or occurring at X
      位于 X 发生的人·事·物
54. 当场格 ATD：ie / uë
    • that in whose presence which, X is/occurs
      X 发生的附近处
    • that which is situated or occurring in X’s presence
      在 X 面前发生的人·事·物
    • “in the presence of X”, “before/with X” = “in X’s presence” [implies purposeful or a relational reference to X, different from LOCATIVE which only signifies location], e.g., the difference between “I am in my car” (LOCATIVE) vs. “I am at my car” (ATTENDANT), the latter implying “I’ve arrived at my car” or “My car is before me.” 在 X 面前.
55. 向格 ALL：io / üä
    • where X is headed/going toward
      X 所去处
    • that which is headed toward X
      朝向 X 运动的人·事·物
56. 离格 ABL：iö / üë
    • where X is coming from or moving away from
      X 离开的地方
    • that which is coming from or moving away from X
      来自 X 的人·事·物
57. 定向格 ORI：eë
    • that which serves as X’s orientational interface
      作为 X 的定向面的人·事·物
    • that which is oriented, facing in the direction designated by X
      朝向 X 所指定的方向的人·事·物
    • Procursive 界面格 PSV 和 ORI合并前者的意思以 + 静态动词出现; 后者 + 表示运动的动词
58. 相对格 IRL：uö / öë
    • the place/time relative to which, X is/occurs
      与 X 的发生相对处/时
    • that which occurs relative to the place/time designated by X
      相对于 X 所指定的地点/时间所发生的(事件)
    • “spatially/temporally relative to” [taken from the 2nd function of Ithkuil 2011 CORRELATIVE case]
59. 起止格 INV：uo / öä
    • the place/time since/until/between which, X is/occurs
      X 发生的起止时间点/ X 所发生的此处与彼处之间
    • that which occurs since, until, or between the place(s)/time(s) designated by X
      为在 X 所指定处或时间段发生的(事件)
60. 路径格 NAV：ua / iä
    • that which serves as X’s directional trajectory, path or way
      作为 X 的路径的人·事·物
    • that which is traveling along the directional trajectory, path or way designated by X
      沿着 X 指定的方向性轨迹、路径行驶的人·事·物

时空格二列

61. 时段格 CNR：ao
    • when X is/occurs
      X 发生的时间
    • that which is/occurs at a certain time X
      当 X 时发生的人·事·物
62. 比例格 ASS：aö
    • the spatial, temporal, or unit basis for the ratio by which X is measured, alloted, etc.
      作为比例以测量 X 的时·空·单位基础
    • that which is measured via a ratio based on a spatial, temporal, or unit increment X
      以时·空·单位增量 X 为基础的比例所测量的人·事·物
63. 时期格 PER：eo
    • the time period or event during which X occurs
      X 发生的时期
    • that which is/occurs during or within a time period X
      在时期 X 内发生的人·事·物
64. 时长格 PRO：eö
    • (the time period or event constituting) the duration of X
      X 的持续时间
    • that which lasts, endures, or takes up an amount of time X
      度过了时长 X 的人·事·物
65. 之前格 PCV：oë
    • the act/event or point in time, prior to which, X occurs
      事件，X 先于之
    • the act/event or point in time which is/occurs prior to X
      事件，其先于 X
66. 之后格 PCR：öe
    • the act/event or time，after/following which or subsequent to which, X occurs
      事件，X 后于之
    • the act/event or time which is/occurs after or following or subsequent to X
      事件，其后于 X
67. 经过格 ELP：oe
    • the amount of elapsed time between X and a past or future act/event/time
      在 X 与过去/未来事件之间的所流逝时间量
    • the act/event/state which occurs X amount of elapsed time between then and the contextual present.
      发生于从当时到语境当下的事件的所流逝时间量 X
68. 到时格 PLM：oa
    • the time/event by which time X is/occurs
      事件 X 发生的时限点
    • the act/event or point in time which is/occurs by the time of X
      在时限点 X 发生的事件

废除的时空格

• SIMULTANEITIVE 同时格 SML 视乎语境以 CNR 或ASS 代替;
• DIFFUSIVE 时候格 DFF 合并于 CNR;
• Interpolative 每间格 INP 以 PRO 代替;
• Allapsive 以后格 ALP 并入 ELP (以时体区分以前vs.以后)
• PRECURRENT PRT case = “there having first been X” / “preceded by X” (temporal or spatial)